Lesson 6 / الدرس 6
Domains, registrars and DNS records / النطاقات والمسجّلون وسجلات DNS
Who actually owns a name, what you are paying for when you buy one, and the handful of record types that decide where a domain's web, mail and subdomains point.
من يملك الاسم فعلًا، وما الذي تدفع مقابله حين تشتري واحدًا، وأنواع السجلات القليلة التي تقرر إلى أين يشير موقع النطاق وبريده ونطاقاته الفرعية.
You do not buy a domain. You rent the right to say where it points, for a year at a time, from a registrar — a company allowed to write into the registry for that ending. Stop paying and the name returns to the pool, whatever is built on it.
A name reads right to left in importance. In training.gt4it.com: com is the top-level domain, run by a registry; gt4it is the part someone registered; training is a subdomain, which the owner creates freely and for nothing. That last point matters — you can have as many subdomains as you like without buying anything more.
training.gt4it.com: com هو نطاق المستوى الأعلى ويديره سجل؛ وgt4it هو الجزء الذي سجّله أحدهم؛ وtraining نطاق فرعي ينشئه المالك بحرية وبلا مقابل. وهذه النقطة الأخيرة مهمة — فيمكنك امتلاك ما شئت من النطاقات الفرعية دون شراء أي شيء إضافي.The records worth knowing
| Record | Points at | Used for |
|---|---|---|
| A | An IPv4 address | The main one — this name lives at this number |
| AAAA | An IPv6 address | The same, for the newer addresses |
| CNAME | Another name | An alias — "ask about that name instead" |
| MX | A mail server name | Where email for this domain goes |
| TXT | Free text | Proving you own the domain; anti-spam records |
| NS | Nameservers | Who is allowed to answer for this domain at all |
Six types cover almost everything a small site needs.
gt4it.com A 51.89.20.165
training.gt4it.com A 51.89.20.165
www.gt4it.com CNAME gt4it.com
gt4it.com MX mail.gt4it.com
gt4it.com TXT "v=spf1 include:_spf.example.com ~all"www is an alias rather than a copy of the address, so moving the site later means changing one record, not two. That is the whole argument for CNAME.
www اسم بديل لا نسخة من العنوان، فنقل الموقع لاحقًا يعني تغيير سجل واحد لا اثنين. وهذه هي حجة CNAME كلها.Registrar, nameservers, host
One distinction causes more confusion than the rest combined. The registrar is where you pay. The nameservers are where the records actually live, named by the NS record. They are often the same company and do not have to be — you can register a name in one place and point its NS records at a host somewhere else, which is exactly what people do when they move hosting without moving the name.
Try it live / جرّب بنفسك
Check yourself / اختبر نفسك
1. What is the difference between a registrar and a nameserver?
They are often the same company but need not be. Editing records anywhere other than the nameservers named in the NS record has no effect at all.
2.
Why point www at the domain with a CNAME rather than an A record?
www إلى النطاق بسجل CNAME بدل سجل A؟A CNAME says "ask about that name instead". The address then lives in exactly one place, which is one fewer thing to forget on a move.
3. How much does adding a subdomain cost?
You rent the registered name; everything to the left of it is yours to create. That is why staging and project subdomains are so common.
Score / النتيجة: 0 / 3
Your task / مهمتك
Design the DNS for an imaginary shop: the main site, a www alias, a shop subdomain on a different address, and mail. Write it as a table of name, type and value, then add a sentence saying which record you would change if you moved hosts, and why only that one.
صمّم DNS لمتجر متخيَّل: الموقع الرئيسي، واسم بديل www، ونطاق فرعي shop على عنوان مختلف، والبريد. اكتبها جدولًا من الاسم والنوع والقيمة، ثم أضف جملة تقول أي سجل ستغيّره لو نقلت الاستضافة، ولماذا ذلك وحده.
- At least one A, one CNAME and one MX record سجل A واحد وCNAME واحد وMX واحد على الأقل
-
The
wwwentry is a CNAME, not a second A مدخلwwwهو CNAME لا سجل A ثانٍ - A sentence names the one record a host move would change جملة تسمّي السجل الوحيد الذي يغيّره نقل الاستضافة